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Guidelines for Bibliographical Citation
When
you cite a resource in a paper, you have two purposes: to give credit for
the material you are using, and to provide enough information for another
person to find and use the same source. When it's an electronic resource you're
citing, such as the Internet or a CD-ROM, you need to provide information
similar to that required for citations to books or articles -- who wrote (or
is responsible for) the material, its title, producer, and date; plus information
on locating the resource.
Who
is responsible for the information may be an individual author, an editor
or compiler, or the organization responsible for the resource.
The
title should be as specific as possible -- if you are citing an article,
page, or document which is part of a larger whole, give both titles, just
as you would for an article in a journal or chapter in a book.
Producer
refers to the company or organization which created the document or product
or which makes it available, such as the publisher of a CD-ROM or supplier
of an electronic database. Many Internet resources do not have a producer.
Date
means the date the resource was produced or published (if that is available)
and/or the date on which you actually accessed the information.
Where
it can be found includes both the item's location and its format. If
you are referencing something found on the Internet, give its complete Uniform
Resource Locator (address). Be sure to copy the URL exactly as shown on
the Internet connection! If you have to divide the URL between two lines,
divide it after a slash mark. Never break the address by inserting a hyphen.
If the resource is from a CD-ROM or database, include the unique item number.
Since
this is a relatively new technology, standards for bibliographical citations
and notes are still evolving. However, the examples shown below follow guidelines
set forth and accepted by the major style formats.
General
Formats
APA Style:
Author. (Date). Title.
Title of complete work. [Type of document]. Producer. Retrieved [date]
from [source]: [URL or item number].
MLA Style:
Author. "Title." Title
of Complete Work. Date. Producer. Date accessed. URL.
Turabian Style:
Author. "Title." Title
of Complete Work. Producer, date. Format. Available from [URL or supplier].
Date accessed.
Note: Format can be
Online, E-mail, CD-ROM, etc. Producer is necessary when citing CD-ROM or database
products, any product which is also available in a print format, or Web documents.
Access date should always be given.
Examples
1. A World Wide Web
(or any Internet) Document
- APA Style:
Fieser, J. (1996, February 15). Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). The Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Martin, TN: Author. Retrieved June 4, 1999,
from the World Wide Web: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobbes.htm
- MLA Style:
Fieser, James. "Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)." The Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. 15 Feb. 1996. U. Tennessee Martin. 4 June 1999 http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobbes.htm.
- Turabian:
Fieser, James. "Thomas Hobbes (1599-1689)," in The Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. February 15, 1996. Online. Available from http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobbes.htm.
Accessed June 4, 1999.
2. An Article from
a Full-Text Database
- APA Style:
Tulloch, M.I. (1995). Evaluating aggression: school students' responses
to television portrayals of institutionalized violence. Journal of Youth
and Adolescence, 24, 95+. Retrieved June 4, 1999, from Information Access
database (Expanded Academic Index, Item #A16985824) on the World Wide Web:
http://web2.infotrac.galegroup.com
- MLA Style:
Tulloch, Marian I. "Evaluating Aggression: School Students' Responses
to Television Portrayals of Institutionalized Violence." Journal of Youth
and Adolescence 24.1 (1995):95+. Online. Expanded Academic Index Article
#A16985824. 4 June 1999.
- Turabian:
Tulloch, Marion I. "Evaluating Aggression: School Students' Responses
to Television Portrayls of Institutionalized Violence." Journal of Youth
and Adolescence 24, no. 1 (February 1995):95+. Available from Expanded Academic
Index, Article #A16985824. Accessed June 4, 1999.
3. An Article from
an Electronic Journal
- APA Style:
Saindon, C. (1999, April). Family feuds and the work of forgiveness.
Self-help and Psychology Magazine. Retrieved June 4, 1999, from the World
Wide Web: http://www.shpm.com/articles/relation/forgive.html
- MLA Style:
Saindon, Connie. "Family Feuds and the Work of Forgiveness." Self-Help
and Psychology Magazine April 1999. 4 June 1999 <http://www.shpm.com/
articles/relation/forgive.html>.
- Turabian:
Saindon, Connie. "Family Feuds and the Work of Forgiveness." Self-Help
and Psychology Magazine (April 1999): 7 pars. Online. Available from http://www.shpm.com/articles/relation/forgive.html
Accessed June 4, 1999.
4. An Entry from a
Discussion List
- APA Style:
George, P. (1995, July 31). Internet as a research resource. Retrieved
June 4, 1999 from WRITING-L on-line discussion list: gopher://gopher.w-net.tsu.edu/writing/archives/july95.
- MLA Style:
George, Phillip. "Internet as a Research Resource." Online posting.
31 July 1995. WRITING-L. 4 June 1999 gopher://gopher.w-net.tsu.edu/
writing/archives/july95.
- Turabian:
George, Phillip. "Internet as a Research Resource." In WRITING-L,
31 July 1995. Online discussion group. Available from gopher://gopher.w-net.tsu.edu/
writing/archives/july95.
5. An Electronic Mail
Message
- APA
Style:
Powell, M. (personal communication, February 4, 1996).
- MLA
Style:
Powell, Morgan. "Madison and Federalist 9." E-mail
to Susan D. Herring. 4 Feb. 1996.
Powell, Morgan. "Madison and Federalist 9." Private e-mail
message to Susan D. Herring, 4 February 1996.
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